2007 Tigers pitchers

Nate Robertson - 19.6
Boby Seay - 18.9
Zach Miner - 13.7
Todd Jones - 11.6
Jeremy Bonderman - 10.1
Yorman Bazardo - 8.8
Tim Byrdak - 6.8
Jason Grilli - 6.8
Fernando Rodney - 6.6
Joel Zumaya - 6.3
Kenny Rogers - 5.6
Mike Maroth - 5.0
Jair Jurrjens - 4.2
Wilfredo Ledezma - 2.6
Aquilino Lopez - 1.5
Macay McBride - -0.4
Andrew Miller - -0.6
Clay Rapada - -1.5
Jordan Tata - -2.8
Eulogio De La Cruz - -3.7
Jose Capellan - -3.9
Virgil Vasquez - -4.9
Jose Mesa - -8.3

In baseball, value over replacement player (or VORP) is a statistic invented by Keith Woolner that demonstrates how much a hitter contributes offensively or how much a pitcher contributes to his team in comparison to a fictitious "replacement player," who is an average fielder at his position and a below average hitter. A replacement player performs at "replacement level," which is the level of performance an average team can expect when trying to replace a player at minimal cost, also known as "freely available talent."

VORP's usefulness is in the fact that it measures contribution at the margin (as in marginal utility). Other statistics compare players to the league average, which is good for cross-era analysis (example: 90 runs created in 1915 are much better than 90 RC in 1996, because runs were more scarce in 1915). However, league-average comparisons break down when considering a player's total, composite contribution to a team. Baseball is a zero-sum game; in other words, one team can only win if another loses. A team wins by scoring more runs than its opponent. It follows, then, that a contribution of any runs helps a team toward a win, no matter how small the contribution. However, the Major Leagues are highly competitive, and talent distribution in baseball does not resemble normal distribution's traditional "bell curve"; rather, the majority of players fall within the category of "below-average" or worse. Therefore, the so-called "average player" does not have a value of zero, like in Pete Palmer's Total Player Rating, but instead is a valued commodity. One alternative is to rank players using "counting stats" -- simply their gross totals -- but this is unacceptable as well, since it is likely that the contribution a marginal player makes, even if it does help a team win one game, is not enough to justify his presence in the Majors. This is where the concept of the replacement level enters the picture.

VORP can also be calculated for pitchers, as a measurement of the number of runs he has prevented from scoring that a replacement-level pitcher would have allowed. The concept is essentially the same as it was for hitters: using the player's playing time (in a pitcher's case, his innings pitched), determine how many runs a theoretical "replacement" would have given up in that playing time (at the most basic level, the replacement level is equal to 1 plus the league's average runs per game), and subtract from that number the amount actually allowed by the pitcher to arrive at VORP. As an aside, Run Average is used as a measure of pitcher quality rather than Earned Run Average. ERA is heavily dependent on the concept of the error, which most sabermetricians have tried to shy away from because it is a scorer's opinion; also, we are trying to determine VORP in units of runs, so a calculation that uses earned runs is not of very much use to us in this instance.

The "old" definition of pitching VORP, as alluded to above, was simply:

VORP = (((League Runs/Game + 1) - RAvg)/9)*Innings Pitched
However, further research indicated that starting pitchers and relief pitchers have different replacement thresholds, as it is easier to put up a low RAvg in relief than as a starter. Armed with that knowledge, Baseball Prospectus 2002 published the current formula for determining the replacement level for pitchers:

For starting pitchers, Repl. Level = 1.37 * League RA - 0.66
For relief pitchers, Repl. Level = 1.70 * League RA - 2.27
Therefore, the current formula for VORP is:

VORP = ((Repl. Level - RAvg)/9)*Innings Pitched
As was the case with hitters, run average should be normalized for park effects before VORP is calculated. Pitcher VORP is on the same scale as that of hitters

Acetyl CoA (give structure) is converted to oxaloacetate (give structure) by citrate synthase which is converted to citrate (give structure) by aconitase which is converted to cis-Aconitate (give structure) by aconitase which is converted to isocitrate (give structure) by isocitrate dehydrogenase which is converted to oxalosuccinate (give structure) by isocitrate dehydrogenase which is converted to α-Ketoglutarate (give structure) by α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase which is converted to Succinyl-CoA (give structure) by Succinate dehydrogenase which is converted to Fumarate (give structure) by Fumarase which is Converted to L-Malate (give structure) by Malate dehydrogenase which can be converted to oxaloacetate so that the process can start over.

Of course I skipped a lot of information (i.e. was the conversion an oxidation or reduction or something else?) and what was given off (water, carbon dioxide, NAD+, etc.). The stuff that's given off is used in the electron transport chain.